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About Echo Medical Systems, LLC.

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| Company Background | Our Technology | Publications and Presentations |


Company Background

Echo Medical Systems is a Houston-based company that develops, manufactures, and markets NMR-MRI and CT-based whole body composition and tissue characterization equipment for use by metabolic research laboratories, the pharmaceutical industry and hospitals, and other medical facilities. Echo's class-defining EchoMRI™ technology is unique: it facilitates low-cost, rapid, highly precise, in-vivo measurements of humans and animals without anesthesia or sedation.

The EchoMRI™ proprietary method for tissue characterization provides measurements of whole body composition parameters: fat mass, lean tissue mass, free water, and total body water. The data obtained by EchoMRI™ are highly correlated to those obtained by DEXA, but the measurement procedure is faster and does not require anesthesia. In fact, the measurement duration is about 1 minute for mice and rats and about 3 minutes for humans.

Today, many EchoMRI™ and LaTheta™ systems are successfully used by more than 45 pharmaceutical companies and many leading research universities in the US, Canada, Europe, and Asia for preclinical obesity research in live animals. As drug development progresses from animal studies to human trials, there has been growing demand from Echo customers to apply EchoMRI™ in clinical trials for adult humans. As a result, Echo has developed a new EchoMRI™ system for adult humans, aimed at providing a solution to the pharmaceutical industry for testing the efficacy in clinical trials of anti-obesity and metabolic drugs and treatments.

Echo has a strong position in the underlying technology and methods of NMR-MRI-CT-based whole body and tissue composition analysis, and sophisticated proprietary know-how for tissue characterization applications in obesity, diabetes, nutrition research, pharmacology, osteoporosis, and cardiology. Beyond the existing applications, extensions of the technology are underway to measure additional body composition parameters.

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Our Technology

EchoMRI™ Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Body Composition Analyzers for animals and humans take direct measurements of total body fat, lean mass, free water, and total body water. The measurement principle depends on the density of hydrogen nuclei and the physical state of the tissue.

More rapid, accurate, and precise than other methods, EchoMRI™ technology allows for fast measurements (about 1min for mice and rats and less than 3min for humans) in vivo without anesthesia or sedation. Unlike DEXA, Echo measurements are radiation-free, do not require the subject to remain still, and in a peer-reviewed study yielded 24 times DEXA's precision facilitating convenient, low-stress repeated tracking of small changes in body composition. Moreover, Echo instruments measure fat and lean mass as an independent characteristics, unlike DEXA, which measures the fat to lean ratio and is, therefore, prone to error propagation from lean to fat. The systems are much less expensive than conventional MRI, are completely silent, and do not require advanced training to use.

In short, EchoMRI™ is the only technology on the market today which allows body composition analyses to be conducted in such a short period of time, with such a high level of precision, without the need for anesthesia or sedation of the test subject(s), with the subjects entirely comfortable during and in preparation for the measurement, and with no radiation to be considered as a health issue.

To learn more about features and benefits of EchoMRI™ Systems, click here.

LaTheta™ CT Scanner: Designed for small animals and intended especially for the in-vivo small animal research, the LaTheta™ CT scanner possesses several distinctive features. Thus, its 60X-more sensitive detector than those of other micro CTs allows work to be conducted with a low energy x-ray source, thus reducing subject radiation exposure to 2-8 mSv and greatly increasing the ability to conduct longitudinal studies. Moreover, the scanner’s detector is extremely fast in terms of scanning and reconstruction times (4.5 seconds to 8 minutes depending on the region of interest), enabling results viewing during an acquisition and the freedom to make parameter modifications even after the first slice is displayed. In addition, the high contrast and remarkably low noise level provide excellent resolution when comparing tissues of a similar density (i.e. visceral organs).

Furthermore, LaTheta™ accommodates a wide range of animals, including rats up to 1.5 kg. Its quantification of the scanned images implemented in the software includes visceral, subcutaneous and total fat volume, BMD, mechanical strength and morphology with automatic cortical/trabecular bone recognition, etc. The software is very easy to operate and does not require any special training. Finally, LaTheta™ is conveniently compact and mobile (four casters attached for high mobility), and its low outside radiation exposure enables researchers to use it in any room. Learn more about LaTheta™ CT Scanner here.

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Publications by EchoMRI&trade users

2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 |

    2010

  1. Andres A, Mitchell AD, Badger TM. QMR: validation of an infant and children body composition instrument using piglets against chemical analysis. Int J Obes 2010; 34(4): 775-780.
  2. Bektas M, Allende ML, Lee BG, Chen WP, Amar MJ, Remaley AT, Saba JD, Proia RL. Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Lyase Deficiency Disrupts Lipid Homeostasis in Liver. J Biol Chem 2010; 285: 10880 - 10889.
  3. Bernardo BL, Wachtmann TS, Cosgrove PG, Kuhn M, Opsahl AC, Judkins KM, Freeman TB, Hadcock JR, LeBrasseur NK. Postnatal PPARδ Activation and Myostatin Inhibition Exert Distinct yet Complimentary Effects on the Metabolic Profile of Obese Insulin-Resistant Mice. PLoS One 2010; 5(6): e11307.
  4. Bradford EM, Miller ML, Prasad V, Nieman ML, Gawenis LR, Berryman M, Lorenz JN, Tso P, Shull GE. Postnatal PPARδ Activation and Myostatin Inhibition Exert Distinct yet Complimentary Effects on the Metabolic Profile of Obese Insulin-Resistant Mice. PLoS One 2010; 5(6): e11307.
  5. Bradford EM, Miller ML, Prasad V, Nieman ML, Gawenis LR, Berryman M, Lorenz JN, Tso P, Shull GE. CLIC5 mutant mice are resistant to diet-induced obesity and exhibit gastric hemorrhaging and increased susceptibility to torpor. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 298(6): R1531-R1542.
  6. Conover CA, Mason MA, Bale LK, Harrington SC, Nyegaard M, Oxvig C, Overgaard MT. Transgenic overexpression of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A in murine arterial smooth muscle accelerates atherosclerotic lesion development. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 299: H284-H291.
  7. Czyzyk TA, Nogueiras R, Lockwood JF, McKinzie JH, Coskun T, Pintar JE, Hammond C, Tschöp MH, Statnick MA. κ-Opioid receptors control the metabolic response to a high-energy diet in mice. FASEB J 2010; 24: 1151 - 1159.
  8. Czyzyk TA, Sahr AE, Statnick MA. A Model of Binge-Like Eating Behavior in Mice That Does Not Require Food Deprivation or Stress. Obesity (18 March 2010) doi:10.1038/oby.2010.46 Behavior and Psychology
  9. Devalaraja-Narashimha K, Padanilam BJ. PARP1 deficiency exacerbates diet-induced obesity in mice. J Endocrinol 2010; 205(3): 243 - 252.
  10. Engstrom LW, Bober L, Chen SC, Fine JS, Li Y, Stanton MC, Kinsley D, Cui L, Jackson JV, Rojas-Triana A, Lundell D, Laverty M, Gustafson EL, Jenh CH, Kowalski TJ, Manfra DJ. Kinetic Assessment and Therapeutic Modulation of Metabolic and Inflammatory Profiles in Mice on a High-Fat and Cholesterol Diet. PPAR Res 2010; 2010: 970164.
  11. Fierz Y, Novosyadlyy R, Vijayakumar A, Yakar S, LeRoith D. Insulin-Sensitizing Therapy Attenuates Type 2 Diabetes–Mediated Mammary Tumor Progression. Diabetes 2010; 59(3): 686 - 693.
  12. Foley JW, Bercury SD, Finn P, Cheng SH, Scheule RK, Ziegler RJ. Evaluation of Systemic Follistatin as an Adjuvant to Stimulate Muscle Repair and Improve Motor Function in Pompe Mice. Molecular Therapy (15 June 2010) doi:10.1038/mt.2010.110 Original Article
  13. Gallagher D, Thornton JC, He Q, Wang W, Yu W, Bradstreet TE, Burke J, Heymsfield SB, Rivas VR, Kaufman R. Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Fat Measurements in Humans Correlate With Established Methods but Are Biased. Obesity (6 May 2010) doi:10.1038/oby.2010.97 Articles
  14. German JP, Wisse BE, Thaler JP, Oh-I S, Sarruf DA, Ogimoto K, Kaiyala KJ, Fischer JD, Matsen ME, Taborsky JR, Jr., Schwartz MW, Morton GJ. Leptin Deficiency Causes Insulin Resistance Induced by Uncontrolled Diabetes. Diabetes 2010; 59(7): 1626 - 1634.
  15. Grove KL, Fried SK, Greenberg AS, Xiao XQ, Clegg DJ. A microarray analysis of sexual dimorphism of adipose tissues in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice. Int J Obes 2010; 34(6): 989-1000.
  16. Jones A., Hwang DJ, Narayanan R, Miller DD, Dalton JT. Effects of a Novel Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator on Dexamethasone-Induced and Hypogonadism-Induced Muscle Atrophy. Endocrinology 2010; doi:10.1210/en.2010-0150.
  17. Kaiyala KJ, Morton GJ, Leroux BG, Ogimoto K, Wisse B, Schwartz MW. Identification of Body Fat Mass as a Major Determinant of Metabolic Rate in Mice Diabetes 2010; 59(7): 1657 - 1666.
  18. Kelly SA, Nehrenberg DL, Hua K, Gordon RR, Theodore Garland T Jr., Pomp D. Parent-of-origin effects on voluntary exercise levels and body composition in mice. Physiol Genomics 2010; 40(2): 111 - 120.
  19. Kovner I, Taicher GZ, Mitchell AD. Calibration and validation of EchoMRI™ whole body composition analysis based on chemical analysis of piglets, in comparison with the same for DXA. Int J Body Compos Res 2010; 8(1): 17-29.
  20. Labonté ED, Pfluger PT, Cash JG, Kuhel DG, Roja JC, Magness DP, Jandacek RJ, Tschöp MH, Hui DY. Postprandial lysophospholipid suppresses hepatic fatty acid oxidation: the molecular link between group 1B phospholipase A2 and diet-induced obesity. FASEB J 2010; 24(7): 2516 - 2524.
  21. Lee SJ, Pfluger PT, Kim JY, Nogueiras R, Duran A, Pagès G, Pouysségur J, Tschöp MH, Diaz-Meco MT, Moscat J. A functional role for the p62–ERK1 axis in the control of energy homeostasis and adipogenesis. EMBO reports 2010; 11(3): 226-232.
  22. Lloyd DJ, Wheeler MC, Gekakis N. A Point Mutation in Sec61 1 Leads to Diabetes and Hepatosteatosis in Mice. Diabetes 2010; 59(2): 460 - 470.
  23. Mack CM et al. Davalintide (AC2307), a novel amylin-mimetic peptide: enhanced pharmacological properties over native amylin to reduce food intake and body weight. Int J Obes 2010; 34(2), 385-395.
  24. Mounien L, Marty N, Tarussio D, Metref S, Genoux D, Frédéric Preitner F, Foretz M, Thorens B. Glut2-dependent glucose-sensing controls thermoregulation by enhancing the leptin sensitivity of NPY and POMC neurons. FASEB J 2010; 24: 1747 - 1758.
  25. Neuschl C, Hantschel C, Wagener A, Schmitt AO, Illig T, Brockmann GA. A unique genetic defect on chromosome 3 is responsible for juvenile obesity in the Berlin Fat Mouse Int J Obes (25 May 2010); doi:10.1038/ijo.2010.97 Original Article
  26. Nixon JP, Zhang M, Wang C, Kuskowski MA, Novak CM, Levine JA, Billington CJ, Kotz CM. Evaluation of a Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging System for Whole Body Composition Analysis in Rodents. Obesity 2010; 18(2): 1652-1659.
  27. Oh-I S, Thaler JP, Ogimoto K, Wisse BE, Morton GJ, Schwartz MW. Central administration of interleukin-4 exacerbates hypothalamic inflammation and weight gain during high-fat feeding. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 299(1): E47 - E53.
  28. Palou M, Priego T, Sánchez J, Torrens JM, Palou A, Picó C. Moderate Caloric Restriction in Lactating Rats Protects Offspring against Obesity and Insulin Resistance in Later Life. Endocrinology 2010; 151(3): 1030 - 1041.
  29. Perez-Tilve D et al. Melanocortin signaling in the CNS directly regulates circulating cholesterol. Nature Neuroscience 2010; 13(7): 877-882.
  30. Pérez-Tilve D, González-Matías L, Aulinger BA, Alvarez-Crespo M, Gil-Lozano M, Alvarez E, Andrade-Olivie AM, Tschöp MH, D'Alessio DA, Mallo F. Exendin-4 increases blood glucose levels acutely in rats by activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 298(5): E1088 - E1096.
  31. Rangwala SM, Wang X, Calvo JA, Lindsley L, Zhang Y, Deyneko G, Beaulieu V, Gao J, Turner G, Markovits J. Estrogen-related Receptor Is a Key Regulator of Muscle Mitochondrial Activity and Oxidative Capacity. J Biol Chem 2010; 285(29): 22619 - 22629.
  32. Reidelberger RD, Haver AC, Apenteng BA, Anders KL, Steenson SM. Effects of Exendin-4 Alone and With Peptide YY3–36 on Food Intake and Body Weight in Diet-Induced Obese Rats. Obesity (17 June 2010); doi:10.1038/oby.2010.136 Articles
  33. Romero CJ, Ng Y, Luque RM, Kineman RD, Koch L, Bruning JC, Radovick S. Targeted Deletion of Somatotroph Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Signaling in a Cell-Specific Knockout Mouse Model. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 24(5): 1077-1089
  34. Scarlett JM, Bowe DD, Zhu X, Batra AK, Grant WF, Marks DL. Genetic and pharmacologic blockade of central melanocortin signaling attenuates cardiac cachexia in rodent models of heart failure. J Endocrinol 2010; 206(1): 121–130.
  35. Schmidt A et al. Discovery of the Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator MK-0773 Using a Rational Development Strategy Based on Differential Transcriptional Requirements for Androgenic Anabolism Versus Reproductive Physiology. J Biol Chem 2010; 285(22): 17054 - 17064.
  36. Shahkhalili Y, Moulin J, Zbinden I, Aprikian O, Macé K, Comparison of two models of intrauterine growth restriction for early catch-up growth and later development of glucose intolerance and obesity in rats. Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 2010; 298(1): R141 - R146.
  37. Shertzer HG. Protective Effects of the Antioxidant 4b,5,9b,10-Tetrahydroindeno[1,2-b]indole Against TCDD Toxicity in C57BL/6J Mice Int J Toxicol 2010; 29(1): 40 - 48.
  38. Shertzer HG, Kendig EL, Nasrallah HA, Johansson E, Genter MB. Protection from olanzapine-induced metabolic toxicity in mice by acetaminophen and tetrahydroindenoindole. Int J Obes 2010; 34(6): 970-979.
  39. Smith DL, Nagy TR, Wilson LS, Dong S, Barnes S, Allison DB. The Effect of Mannan Oligosaccharide Supplementation on Body Weight Gain and Fat Accrual in C57Bl/6J Mice. Obesity 2010; 18(5): 995-999.
  40. Stimson RH, Lobley GE, Maraki I, Morton NM, Andrew R, Walker BR. Chronic administration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus reverses obesity induced by high-fat diet. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 298(5): R1320-R1332.
  41. Swe Myint K, Napolitano A, Miller SR, Murgatroyd PR, Elkhawad M, Nunez DJR, Finer N. Quantitative Magnetic Resonance (QMR) for Longitudinal Evaluation of Body Composition Changes With Two Dietary Regimens. Obesity 2010; 18(2): 391-396.
  42. Wang CF, Godar RJ, Billington CJ, Kotz CM. Chronic administration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus reverses obesity induced by high-fat diet. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 298(5): R1320-R1332.
  43. Wang T, Si Y, Shirihai OS, Si H, Schultz V, Corkey RF, Hu L, Deeney JT, Guo W, Corkey BE. Respiration in Adipocytes is Inhibited by Reactive Oxygen Species. Obesity 2010; 18(8): 1493-1502.
  44. Wendel AA, Li LO, Li Y, Cline GW, Shulman GI, Coleman RA. Glycerol-3-Phosphate Acyltransferase 1 Deficiency in ob/ob Mice Diminishes Hepatic Steatosis but Does Not Protect Against Insulin Resistance or Obesity. Diabetes 2010; 59(6): 1321 - 1329.
  45. York B, Yu C, Sagen JV, Liu Z, Nikolai BC, Wu RC, Finegold M, Xu J, O'Malley BW. Reprogramming the posttranslational code of SRC-3 confers a switch in mammalian systems biology. PNAS 2010; 107(24): 11122 - 11127.

    46. 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 |

    2009

  46. Alquier T, Peyot ML, Latour MG, Kebede M, Sorensen CM, Gesta S, Kahn CR, Smith RD, Jetton TL, Metz TO, Prentki M, Poitout V. Deletion of GPR40 Impairs Glucose-Induced Insulin Secretion In Vivo in Mice Without Affecting Intracellular Fuel Metabolism in Islets. Diabetes 2009; 58(1): 2607 - 2615.
  47. Badman MK, Koester A, Flier JS, Kharitonenkov A, Maratos-Flier E. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21-Deficient Mice Demonstrate Impaired Adaptation to Ketosis. Endocrinology 2009; 150(11): 4931 - 4940.
  48. Cota D, Sandoval DA, Olivieri M, Prodi E, D'Alessio DA, Woods SC, Seeley RJ, Obici S. Food Intake-independent Effects of CB1 Antagonism on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. Obesity 2009; 17(8): 1641-1645.
  49. Day JW et al. A new glucagon and GLP-1 co-agonist eliminates obesity in rodents. Nature Chemical Biology 2009; 5(10): 749-757.
  50. Enns LC, Morton JF, Mangalindan RS, McKnight GS, Schwartz MW, Kaeberlein MR, Kennedy BK, Rabinovitch PS, Ladiges WC. Attenuation of Age-Related Metabolic Dysfunction in Mice With a Targeted Disruption of the Cß Subunit of Protein Kinase A. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2009; 64A(12): 1221–1231.
  51. Fan Y, Menon RK, Cohen P, Hwang D, Clemens T, DiGirolamo DJ, Kopchick JJ, Le Roith D, Trucco M, Sperling MA. Liver-specific Deletion of the Growth Hormone Receptor Reveals Essential Role of Growth Hormone Signaling in Hepatic Lipid Metabolism. J Biol Chem 2009; 284(30): 19937 - 19944.
  52. Gao J, He J, Zhai Y, Wada T, Xie W. The Constitutive Androstane Receptor Is an Anti-obesity Nuclear Receptor That Improves Insulin Sensitivity. J Biol Chem 2009; 284(38): 25984 - 25992.
  53. German J, Kim F, Schwartz GJ, Havel PJ, Rhodes CJ, Schwartz MW, Morton GJ. Hypothalamic Leptin Signaling Regulates Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity via a Neurocircuit Involving the Vagus Nerve. Endocrinology 2009; 150(10): 4502 - 4511.
  54. Guo J, Hall KD. Estimating the Continuous-Time Dynamics of Energy and Fat Metabolism in Mice. PLoS Comput Biol 2009; 5(9): e1000511.
  55. Guo T, Jou W, Chanturiya T, Portas J, Gavrilova O, McPherron AC. Myostatin Inhibition in Muscle, but Not Adipose Tissue, Decreases Fat Mass and Improves Insulin Sensitivity. PLoS ONE 2009; 4(3): e4937.
  56. Guo J, Jou W, Gavrilova O, Hall KD. Persistent Diet-Induced Obesity in Male C57BL/6 Mice Resulting from Temporary Obesigenic Diets. PLoS ONE 2009; 4(4): e5370.
  57. Haskell-Luevano C, Schaub JW, Andreasen A, Haskell KR, Moore MC, Koerper LM, Rouzaud F, Baker HV, Millard WJ, Walter G, Litherland SA, Xiang Z. Voluntary exercise prevents the obese and diabetic metabolic syndrome of the melanocortin-4 receptor knockout mouse. FASEB J 2009; 23(2): 642–655.
  58. Isensee J et al. Expression Pattern of G Protein-Coupled Receptor 30 in LacZ Reporter Mice. Endocrinology 2009; 150(4): 1722-1730.
  59. Jones AS, Johnson MS, Nagy TR. Validation of quantitative magnetic resonance for the determination of body composition of mice. Int J Body Compos Res 2009; 7(2): 67–72.
  60. Kienesberger PC et al. Adipose Triglyceride Lipase Deficiency Causes Tissue-specific Changes in Insulin Signaling. J Biol Chem 2009; 284: 30218 - 30229.
  61. LeBrasseur NK, Schelhorn TM, Bernardo BL, Cosgrove PG, Loria PM, Brown TA. Myostatin Inhibition Enhances the Effects of Exercise on Performance and Metabolic Outcomes in Aged Mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2009; 64A(9): 940 - 948.
  62. Lustgarten MS, Jang YC, Liu Y, Muller FL, Qi W, Steinhelper M, Brooks SV, Larkin L, Shimizu T, Shirasawa T, McManus LM, Bhattacharya A, Richardson A, Remmen HV. Conditional knockout of Mn-SOD targeted to type IIB skeletal muscle fibers increases oxidative stress and is sufficient to alter aerobic exercise capacity. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 297(6): C1520 - C1532.
  63. Meyer CW, Wagener A, Rink N, Hantschel C, Heldmaier G, Klingenspor M, Brockmann GA. High Energy Digestion Efficiency and Altered Lipid Metabolism Contribute to Obesity in BFMI Mice. Obesity 2009; 17(11): 1988-1993.
  64. Nehrenberg DL, Hua K, Estrada-Smith D, Garland T Jr, Pomp D. Voluntary Exercise and Its Effects on Body Composition Depend on Genetic Selection History. Obesity 2009; 17(7): 1402-1409.
  65. Nogueiras et al. Direct Control of Peripheral Lipid Deposition by CNS GLP-1 Receptor Signaling Is Mediated by the Sympathetic Nervous System and Blunted in Diet-Induced Obesity. J Neurosci 2009; 29(18): 5916 - 5925.
  66. Novak CM, Levine JA. Daily Intraparaventricular Orexin-A Treatment Induces Weight Loss in Rats. Obesity 2009; 17(8): 1493-1498.
  67. Pamir N, McMillen TS, Kaiyala KJ, Schwartz MW, LeBoeuf RC. Receptors for Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Play a Protective Role against Obesity and Alter Adipose Tissue Macrophage Status. Endocrinology 2009; 150(9): 4124 - 4134.
  68. Pankevich DE, Mueller BR, Brockel B, Bale TL. Prenatal stress programming of offspring feeding behavior and energy balance begins early in pregnancy. Physiol Behav 2009; 98(1-2), 94-102.
  69. Peier A, Kosinski J, Cox-York K, Qian Y, Desai K, Feng Y, Trivedi P, Nicholas Hastings N, Marsh DJ. The Antiobesity Effects of Centrally Administered Neuromedin U and Neuromedin S Are Mediated Predominantly by the Neuromedin U Receptor 2 (NMUR2). Endocrinology 2009; 150(7): 3101–3109.
  70. Peyot ML, Guay C, Latour MG, Lamontagne J, Lussier R, Pineda M, Ruderman NB, Haemmerle G, Zechner R, Joly E, Madiraju SRM, Poitout V, Prentki M. Adipose Triglyceride Lipase Is Implicated in Fuel- and Non-fuel-stimulated Insulin Secretion. J Biol Chem 2009; 284(25): 16848–16859.
  71. Pocai A et al. Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/Glucagon Receptor Dual Agonism Reverses Obesity in Mice. Diabetes 2009; 58(10): 2258 - 2266.
  72. Quinn LS, Anderson BG, Strait-Bodey L, Stroud AM, Argiles JM. Oversecretion of interleukin-15 from skeletal muscle reduces adiposity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 296(1): E191-E202.
  73. Shertzer HG, Schneider SN, Kendig EL, Clegg DJ, D’Alessio DA, Johansson E, Genter MB. Tetrahydroindenoindole inhibits the progression of diabetes in mice. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 177(1): 71–80.
  74. Siedlecki AM, Jin X, Muslin AJ. Uremic cardiac hypertrophy is reversed by rapamycin but not by lowering of blood pressure. Kidney Int 2009; 75(8): 800–808.
  75. Tardif SD, Power ML, Ross CN, Rutherford JN, Layne-Colon DG, Paulik MA. Characterization of Obese Phenotypes in a Small Nonhuman Primate, the Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Obesity 2009; 17: 1499-1505.
  76. Thompson VB, Heiman J, Chambers JB, Benoit SC, Buesing WR, Norman MK, Norman AB, Lipton JW. Long-term behavioral consequences of prenatal MDMA exposure. Physiol Behav 2009; 96(4-5): 593–601.
  77. Tu P, Bhasin S, Hruz PW, Herbst KL, Castellani LW, Hua N, Hamilton JA, Guo W. Genetic Disruption of Myostatin Reduces the Development of Proatherogenic Dyslipidemia and Atherogenic Lesions In Ldlr Null Mice. Diabetes 2009; 58(8): 1739 - 1748.
  78. Wang Z, Li V, Chan GCK, Phan T, Nudelman AS, Xia Z, and Storm DR. Adult Type 3 Adenylyl Cyclase–Deficient Mice Are Obese. PLoS One 2009; 4(9): e6979.
  79. Wen T, Peng B, Pintar JE. The MOR-1 Opioid Receptor Regulates Glucose Homeostasis by Modulating Insulin Secretion. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 23(5): 671–678.
  80. Weyermann P, Dallmann R, Magyar J, Anklin C, Hufschmid M, Dubach-Powell J, Courdier-Fruh I, Henneböhle M, Nordhoff S, Mondadori C. Orally Available Selective Melanocortin-4 Receptor Antagonists Stimulate Food Intake and Reduce Cancer-Induced Cachexia in Mice. PLoS ONE 2009; 4(3): e4774.
  81. Wilkes JJ, Lloyd DJ, Gekakis N. Loss-of-Function Mutation in Myostatin Reduces Tumor Necrosis Factor a Production and Protects Liver Against Obesity-Induced Insulin Resistance. Diabetes 2009; 58(5): 1133–1143.
  82. Xu J, Lloyd DJ, Hale C, Stanislaus S, Chen M, Sivits G, Vonderfecht S, Randy Hecht R, Li YS, Lindberg RA, Chen JL, Jung DJ, Zhang Z, Ko HJ, Kim JK, Véniant MM. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Reverses Hepatic Steatosis, Increases Energy Expenditure, and Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Diabetes 2009; 58(1): 250–259.
  83. Yechoor V, Liu V, Paul A, Lee J, Buras E, Ozer K, Samson S, Chan L. Gene Therapy with Neurogenin 3 and Betacellulin Reverses Major Metabolic Problems in Insulin-Deficient Diabetic Mice. Endocrinology 2009; 150: 4863 - 4873.

    84. 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 |

    2008

  84. Allan G, Sbriscia T, Linton O, Lai MT, Haynes-Johnson D, Bhattacharjee S, Ng R, Sui Z, Lundeen S. A selective androgen receptor modulator with minimal prostate hypertrophic activity restores lean body mass in aged orchidectomized male rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 110(3-5): 207-13.
  85. Althage MC, Ford EL, Wang S, Tso P, Polonsky KS, Wice BM. Targeted Ablation of Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide-producing Cells in Transgenic Mice Reduces Obesity and Insulin Resistance Induced by a High Fat Diet. J Biol Chem 2008; 283(26): 18365–18376.
  86. Brommage R et al. High-throughput Screening of Mouse Knockout Lines Identifies True Lean and Obese Phenotypes. Obesity 2008; 16(10): 2362-2367.
  87. Chu Q, Moreland R, Yew NS, Foley J, Ziegler R, Scheule RK. Systemic Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Reverses Hypoalgesia and Improves Mobility in a Mouse Model of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy. Mol Ther 2008; 16(8): 1400-1408.
  88. Gelling RW, Yan W, Al-Noori S, Pardini A, Morton GJ, Ogimoto K, Schwartz MW, Dempsey PJ. Deficiency of TNFα Converting Enzyme (TACE/ADAM17) Causes a Lean, Hypermetabolic Phenotype in Mice. Endocrinology 2008; 149(12): 6053–6064.
  89. Gong L, Yao F, Hockman K, Heng HH, Morton GJ, Takeda K, Akira S, Low MJ, Rubinstein M, MacKenzie RG. Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-3 Is Required in Hypothalamic Agouti-Related Protein/Neuropeptide Y Neurons for Normal Energy Homeostasis. Endocrinology 2008; 149(7): 3346–3354.
  90. Gregorevic P, Blankinship MJ, Allen JA, Chamberlain JS. Systemic Microdystrophin Gene Delivery Improves Skeletal Muscle Structure and Function in Old Dystrophic mdx Mice. Mol Ther 2008; 16(4): 657–664.
  91. Gupta V et al. Effects of dihydrotestosterone on differentiation and proliferation of human mesenchymal stem cells and preadipocytes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 296(1-2): 32–40.
  92. Gustavsson N, Lao Y, Maximov A, Chuang JC, Kostromina E, Repa JJ, Li C, Radda GK, Südhof TC, Han W. Impaired insulin secretion and glucose intolerance in synaptotagmin-7 null mutant mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105(10): 3992–3997.
  93. Hofmann SM, Perez-Tilve D, Greer TM, Coburn BA, Grant E, Basford JE, Tschöp MH, Hui DY. Defective Lipid Delivery Modulates Glucose Tolerance and Metabolic Response to Diet in Apolipoprotein E–Deficient Mice. Diabetes 2008; 57(1): 5 - 12.
  94. Hsieh MCF, Das D, Sambandam N, Zhang MQ, Nahlé Z. Regulation of the PDK4 Isozyme by the Rb-E2F1 Complex. J Biol Chem 2008; 283(41): 27410 - 27417.
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